The whole of the Jewish Bible is sometimes referred to as the Written Torah or Tanakh, (a Hebrew acronym for Torah, Prophets and Writings). Jewish sacred texts, commonly understood in the Christian world as the Old Testament, include the Five Books of Moses, (referred to as the Torah), the Prophets (Nevi'im) and the Writings (Ketuvim). Orthodox tradition is religiously organized and socially structured by biblical and rabbinic teachings on fixed gender roles, creating separate religious duties and always separate spaces for men and women during worship. Orthodox Judaism believes that the Torah is of divine origin and represents the word of G-d. However, Orthodox tradition only supports heterosexual relations and only within the context of heterosexual marriage. Consequently, Jewish law does not disparage sex. Judaism celebrates creation as an inherent good. A quarter of the medieval code, the Shulchan Aruch, which to this day guides Orthodox Jews, focuses on sexual practice and marriage.
Halacha is a code of behavior that covers a vast range of ethical rules, social mores, ritual practices and spiritual disciplines.
Among those who do not wear a head covering, 12% describe themselves as being on the political left – still a small minority, but much bigger than the virtually nonexistent share of men who do wear kippot who identify with the left.įor a full breakdown of the views of men who wear different types of head coverings on several issues, see the tables in this PDF.There is no central governing body but despite the different forms it has taken they all share some common principles of faith and a deep loyalty to Halacha or Jewish law. Meanwhile, most Jewish men who wear a small black fabric kippa (65%) identify as political centrists, as do most Israeli Jewish men who do not wear a head covering at all (55%). When asked about their political ideology, most Israeli Jewish men who wear a black crocheted kippa (70%) or a colored or patterned crocheted kippa (58%) say they are on the political right. And fully three-quarters of those who wear a black crocheted kippa (75%) say a two-state solution is not possible. Likewise, about seven-in-ten men who wear a black crocheted kippa agree that Arabs should be expelled or transferred, including 45% who strongly agree. Majorities of those who wear a colored or patterned knitted or crocheted kippa agree with the statement “Arabs should be expelled or transferred from Israel” (65%) and say peaceful coexistence for Israel and an independent Palestinian state is not possible (58%). By contrast, most of those who wear a large black fabric kippa (58%) say the “Zionist” label does not describe them accurately this group is made up largely of Haredim, some of whom have long been ambivalent about the Jewish state. Among men who wear colored or patterned knitted kippot, a majority (63%) say the term “Zionist” describes them very accurately.
In fact, the term “ kippa sruga” (knitted kippa) is sometimes used to describe “religious Zionists,” observant Jews who see the Jewish people as religiously entitled to territory in the region. While wearing a kippa in everyday life is primarily a statement of religious identity, in Israel, certain types of kippot can indirectly be strong clues about some of the wearer’s political views. (Another Fact Tank post details the differences among these four major Jewish subgroups in Israel.) Virtually no Hilonim wear a religious head covering. Masorti men are more divided: 42% routinely wear a head covering, and 57% do not. The vast majority of Haredi and Dati men wear a yarmulke or some other kind of head covering (in public, some Haredim prefer a fedora or a shtreimel, an Eastern European fur hat). Meanwhile, among Israeli men who do not usually wear a head covering, 73% are Hiloni (“secular”) Jews, and about a quarter (27%) are Masorti (“traditional”). And small black fabric kippot (the plural of kippa) as well as colored or patterned crocheted kippot are particularly common among Dati (“religious,” sometimes called “modern Orthodox”) Jews.
By contrast, most of those who wear a black crocheted or knitted kippa (59%) say they are Masorti (“traditional”) Jews. They come in several basic styles, with some more favored by particular Jewish subgroups than others.Īmong Israeli men who say they usually wear a large black fabric kippa, a majority identify as Haredi (also known as ultra-Orthodox) Jews (58%). These skullcaps (also known by their Yiddish name, yarmulkes), are regularly worn by about one-third of Israel’s Jewish men, especially the religiously observant. In Israel, for instance, the type of kippa – or lack thereof – worn by an Israeli Jewish man often is strongly correlated with his religious identity as well as some political views. What you wear can say a lot about who you are and what you believe.